Projection optical system

ABSTRACT

A projection optical system is disclosed with which undistorted images can be obtained at any image position within a specification range, and whose projection angle can be changed. The projection optical system includes a plurality of optical elements and a first optical system constituted by at least one of the plurality of optical elements having the ability to form an image with light onto a predetermined surface different from the projection surface. A projection image of the original image can be moved by rotating a first optical element of the plurality of optical elements substantially around a center of an exit pupil position of the first optical system as the rotation center.

This is a divisional of prior application Ser. No. 10/803,066, filedMar. 16, 2004 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,086,742, now pending. The priorapplication is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to projection optical systems projectinglight from an original image onto a projection surface, and to imageprojection apparatuses having such a projection optical system.

2. Description of Related Art

As projection optical systems used for projectors (image projectionapparatuses), projection optical systems have been proposed, which canproject images obliquely onto a screen in order to perform imageprojection without obstructing the visual field of the viewers.Moreover, since so-called trapezoidal distortion occurs in theprojection image when projecting images obliquely onto the screen, therehave been proposals regarding the correction of this trapezoidaldistortion.

The projection optical system proposed in Japanese Patent ApplicationLaid-Open No. H9(1997)-304733 (referred to in the following asDocument 1) is an application of a coaxial rotationally symmetric f-θlens, and rotates the image surface in a state in which there is notrapezoidal distortion of the image due to rotationally decentering alens unit around the aperture stop. Moreover, the projection opticalsystem proposed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No.H9(1997)-282451 (referred to in the following as Document 2) correctstrapezoidal distortion with a fixed projection angle by using adecentered aspherical surface.

On the other hand, regarding off-axial optical systems, a design methodand method of calculating paraxial amounts such as the focal length foroff-axial optical systems have been disclosed in Japanese PatentApplication Laid-Open No. H9(1997)-005650 (referred to in the followingas Document 3), and design examples of off-axial optical systems areshown in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H8 (1996)-292371,Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H8(1996)-292372, and JapanesePatent Application Laid-Open No. H9(1997)-222561, and it has becomeclear that it is possible to construct optical systems with sufficientcorrection of aberrations by introducing the concept of reference axisand using asymmetric aspherical surfaces as the constituent surfaces.

Such off-axial optical systems are defined as optical systems which,when the path of the light ray passing through the image center and thepupil center is defined as the reference axis, include curved surfaceswhose surface normal at the intersection of the constituent surface withthe reference axis is not on the reference axis (off-axial curvedsurfaces), and in which the reference axis takes on a bent shape.

In such off-axial systems, the constituent surfaces are ordinarilynon-coaxial, and there is no vignetting at the reflective surfaces, sothat it is easy to construct an optical system using reflectivesurfaces. Moreover, a compact optical system with a broad field anglecan be configured by forming an intermediate surface within the opticalsystem. Furthermore, the light path can be guided relatively freelywhile using a front-aperture optical system, so that a compact opticalsystem can be configured.

Utilizing these characteristic features, Japanese Patent ApplicationLaid-Open No. 2001-255462 (corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 6,626,541 andEP 1139145 (A2)) and No. 2000-089227 propose a projection optical systemin which trapezoidal distortion at a fixed projection angle is correctedusing curved rotationally asymmetric reflective surfaces.

The projection optical system proposed in Document 1 uses a combinationof coaxial rotationally symmetric f-θ optical systems, but its fieldangle is narrow, so that it is difficult to apply to ordinary projectorsor the like. Moreover, with ordinary lenses, the light amount is reducedas the field angle from the optical axis becomes large, so that thereare greater differences in the brightness on the image surface thebroader the field angle of the used lens system is. For this reason, theprojection optical system in Document 1 is not suited for projectorsthat necessitate a broad field angle and a bright image surface.

The projection optical system proposed in Document 2 corrects thetrapezoidal distortion with decentered aspherical surfaces. However,since it is a projection optical system that can correct the trapezoidaldistortion only at a fixed projection angle, the degree of freedom forthe positions at which the projection apparatus can be set up iscompromised. Moreover, regarding the fact that the shift amount of theimage surface is small and that it is not telecentric with respect tothe liquid crystal panel, it is not suited for projectors.

The projection optical systems in Documents 3 and 4 accomplish acorrection of the trapezoidal distortion over a broad field angle usingcurved rotationally asymmetric reflective surfaces. However, they areprojection optical systems with which the trapezoidal distortion can becorrected only at a fixed projection angle, so here, too, the degree offreedom for the positions at which the apparatus can be set up iscompromised.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide a projection opticalsystem and an image projection apparatus including the same, with whichundistorted images can be obtained at any image position within aspecification range, and whose projection angle can be changed.

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a projectionoptical system projecting light from an original image onto a projectionsurface includes a plurality of optical elements, and a first opticalsystem constituted by at least one of the plurality of optical elementshaving an ability to form an image with the light onto a predeterminedsurface different from the projection surface. A projection image of theoriginal image can be moved (for example, moved in parallel or in atilting direction) by rotating a first optical element of the pluralityof optical elements substantially around a center of an exit pupil ofthe first optical system.

These and further objects and features of the projection optical system,the image projection apparatus and the image display system of thepresent invention will become apparent from the following detaileddescription of preferred embodiments thereof taken in conjunction withthe accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an image projection apparatus using a projectionoptical system according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of an image projection apparatus using theprojection optical system of Embodiment 1.

FIG. 3A is a diagram showing the image display panel system, thedichroic optical element, the coaxial and rotationally symmetric system,the rotatable mirrors and the reflective second optical system R of theprojection optical system according to Embodiment 1. FIG. 3B is adiagram showing the image display panel system, the dichroic opticalelement, the coaxial and rotationally symmetric system, and the image inthe screen for the projection optical system according to Embodiment 1.

FIG. 4 illustrates how the projection angle can be changed in the imageprojection apparatus using the projection optical system according toEmbodiment 1.

FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the distortion of the projection opticalsystem according to Embodiment 1.

FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the lateral aberration of the projectionoptical system of Embodiment 1.

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the lateral aberration of the projectionoptical system of Embodiment 1.

FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the lateral aberration of the projectionoptical system of Embodiment 1.

FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the lateral aberration of the projectionoptical system of Embodiment 1.

FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the distortion of the coaxial androtationally symmetric system of Embodiment 1.

FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the lateral aberration of the coaxial androtationally symmetric system of Embodiment 1.

FIG. 12 is a diagram of an image projection apparatus using a projectionoptical system according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention.

FIG. 13 is diagram showing the image display panel system, thereflective optical system, the rotatable mirrors, and the reflectiveoptical system of the projection optical system according to Embodiment2.

FIG. 14 illustrates how the projection angle can be changed in the imageprojection apparatus using the projection optical system according toEmbodiment 2.

FIG. 15 is a diagram showing the distortion of the projection opticalsystem according to Embodiment 2.

FIG. 16 is a diagram showing the lateral aberration of the projectionoptical system of Embodiment 2.

FIG. 17 is a diagram showing the lateral aberration of the projectionoptical system of Embodiment 2.

FIG. 18 is a diagram showing the lateral aberration of the projectionoptical system of Embodiment 2.

FIG. 19 is a diagram showing the lateral aberration of the projectionoptical system of Embodiment 2.

FIG. 20 is a diagram showing the distortion of the reflective opticalsystem of Embodiment 2.

FIG. 21 is a diagram showing the lateral aberration of the reflectiveoptical system of Embodiment 2.

FIG. 22 is a diagram showing the lateral aberration of the reflectiveoptical system of Embodiment 2.

FIG. 23 is a diagram of an image projection apparatus using a projectionoptical system according to Embodiment 3 of the present invention.

FIG. 24 is a diagram of the light valve and the reflective opticalsystem of the projection optical system of Embodiment 3.

FIG. 25 illustrates how the projection angle can be changed in the imageprojection apparatus using the projection optical system according toEmbodiment 3.

FIG. 26 is a diagram showing the distortion of the projection opticalsystem according to Embodiment 3.

FIG. 27 is a diagram showing the lateral aberration of the projectionoptical system of Embodiment 3.

FIG. 28 is a diagram showing the lateral aberration of the projectionoptical system of Embodiment 3.

FIG. 29 is a diagram showing the distortion of the reflective opticalsystem of Embodiment 3.

FIG. 30 is a diagram showing the lateral aberration of the reflectiveoptical system of Embodiment 3.

FIG. 31 is a diagram of an image projection apparatus using a projectionoptical system according to Embodiment 4 of the present invention.

FIG. 32 is a diagram of the light valve and the reflective opticalsystem of the projection optical system of Embodiment 4.

FIG. 33 illustrates how the projection angle can be changed in aprojection display apparatus using the projection optical systemaccording to Embodiment 4.

FIG. 34 is a diagram showing the distortion of the projection opticalsystem according to Embodiment 4.

FIG. 35 is a diagram showing the lateral aberration of the projectionoptical system of Embodiment 4.

FIG. 36 is a diagram showing the lateral aberration of the projectionoptical system of Embodiment 4.

FIG. 37 is a diagram showing the distortion of the reflective opticalsystem of Embodiment 4.

FIG. 38 is a diagram showing the lateral aberration of the reflectiveoptical system of Embodiment 4.

FIG. 39 is a diagram of an image projection apparatus using a projectionoptical system according to Embodiment 5 of the present invention.

FIG. 40 is a diagram of an image projection apparatus using theprojection optical system of Embodiment 5.

FIG. 41 is a diagram of the image display panel system, the dichroicoptical element, the coaxial and rotationally symmetric system, therotatable mirrors and the reflective optical system of the projectionoptical system according to Embodiment 5.

FIG. 42 illustrates how the projection angle can be changed in the imageprojection apparatus using the projection optical system according toEmbodiment 5.

FIG. 43 is a diagram showing the distortion of the projection opticalsystem according to Embodiment 5.

FIG. 44 is a diagram showing the lateral aberration of the projectionoptical system of Embodiment 5.

FIG. 45 is a diagram showing the lateral aberration of the projectionoptical system of Embodiment 5.

FIG. 46 is a diagram showing the lateral aberration of the projectionoptical system of Embodiment 5.

FIG. 47 is a diagram showing the lateral aberration of the projectionoptical system of Embodiment 5.

FIG. 48 is a diagram showing the distortion of the coaxial androtationally symmetric system of Embodiment 5.

FIG. 49 is a diagram showing the lateral aberration of the coaxial androtationally symmetric system of Embodiment 5.

FIG. 50 is a diagram illustrating the principle for varying theprojection angle in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 51 is a diagram illustrating a modification example of the presentembodiments.

FIG. 52 is a diagram illustrating the coordinate systems in the presentembodiments.

FIG. 53 is a diagram illustrating the absolute coordinate system, thereference axis based coordinate system and the local coordinate system.

FIG. 54 is a diagram illustrating the projection angle in the presentembodiments.

FIG. 55 is a diagram showing evaluation positions for evaluation of theimage-forming performance in the present embodiments.

FIG. 56 is a diagram showing evaluation positions for evaluation of theimage-forming performance in the present embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The following is a description of preferred embodiments of the presentinvention, with reference to the accompanying drawings.

First, before going into the description of the embodiments, thenotation for structural aspects in the embodiments as well as somecommon points of the overall embodiments are explained. FIG. 52 is adiagram of a coordinate system in which the structural data of theoptical systems of the embodiments are defined. In the presentembodiments, “i-th surface” means the i-th surface along the path of asingle light ray traveling from the object side to the image surface(this light ray is indicated by a dash-dot line in FIG. 52 and isreferred to as reference axis ray).

In FIG. 52, a first surface R1 is a refractive surface, a second surfaceR2 is a reflective surface which is tilted with respect to the firstsurface R1, a third surface R3 and a fourth surface R4 are reflectivesurfaces which are both shifted and tilted with respect to the surfacerespectively preceding them, and a fifth surface R5 is a refractivesurface which is shifted and tilted with respect to the fourth surfaceR4. The various surfaces from the first surface R1 to the fifth surfaceR5 are constituted by a single optical element, which is made of amedium such as glass or plastic, namely a first optical element B shownin FIG. 52.

Consequently, in the structure in FIG. 52, the medium from the objectsurface (not shown in the drawings) to the first surface R1 is air,there is a common medium from the first surface R1 to the fifth surfaceR5, and the medium from the fifth surface R5 to the sixth surface R6(not shown in the drawings) is air.

The optical system of each of the embodiments is an off-axial opticalsystem, which means that the various surfaces constituting the opticalsystem do not have a common optical axis. Accordingly, in the presentembodiments, an absolute coordinate system is set, whose origin isdefined as the center of the first surface.

Then, while making the center of the first surface in the presentembodiments the origin, the path of the light ray passing through thecenters of the origin and the final image-forming surface (in thefollowing, this light ray is referred to as “reference axis ray”) isdefined as the reference axis of the optical system. Furthermore, thereference axis in the present embodiments is directional. The directionof the reference axis is the direction in which the reference axis raytravels during image formation.

In the present embodiments, the reference axis serving as the referenceof the optical system is set as explained above, when choosing the axisserving as the reference of the optical system, one should choose anaxis which is appropriate with regard to the optical design, toaccounting for aberrations and expressing the surface shapesconstituting the optical system. Typically, however, the path of a lightray passing through the center of the image surface and the center ofthe aperture stop or the entrance pupil or the exit pupil or the firstsurface of the optical system, or the center of the final surface is setas the reference axis.

That is to say, in the present embodiments, the reference axis passesthrough the center of the first surface, and the path over which thelight ray (reference axis ray) reaching the center of the finalimage-formation surface is refracted and reflected by the refractive andreflective surfaces is defined as the reference axis. The order of thesurfaces is defined as the order of the surfaces at which the referenceaxis ray is refracted and reflected.

Consequently, the reference axis changes its direction in accordancewith the rules for refraction or reflection along the various surfacesin the set order, and finally reaches the center of the image surface.Moreover, in the present embodiments, object surface side, image displaypanel surface side as well as predetermined image surface side, imagesurface side and screen side indicate the sides with respect to thedirection of the reference axis.

The various axes of the absolute coordinate system of the opticalsystems according to the present embodiments are defined as follows.

Z axis: A straight line passing through the origin and the center of theobject surface. The direction from the object surface to the firstsurface R1 is defined as positive.

Y axis: A straight line passing through the origin and forming an angleof 90° counterclockwise with the Z axis, in accordance with thedefinition of a right-handed coordinate system.

X axis: A straight line passing through the origin and perpendicular tothe Z axis and the Y axis.

Moreover, to express the surface shape and the tilt angle of the i-thsurface of the optical system, a local coordinate system is defined bytaking the point at which the reference axis intersects with the i-thsurface as the origin. Expressing the surface shape of the surface inthe local coordinate system and expressing the tilt angle as the angledefined by the reference axis and the local coordinate system makesshape and angle more intuitive than annotating the shape and tilt angleof that surface in the absolute coordinate system. For this purpose, thesurface shape of the i-th surface is expressed by the following localcoordinate system. For this, first, the following coordinate system onthe reference axis is defined with respect to any given point on thereference axis:

zb axis: A straight line passing through a given point on the referenceaxis and taking the direction of the reference axis as positive. Atpoints where the reference axis is deflected, the incidence direction istaken as positive.

yb axis: A straight line passing through a given point on the referenceaxis and forming an angle of 90° counterclockwise with the zb axis, inaccordance with the definition of a right-handed coordinate system. Atthe origin of the absolute coordinate system, the yb axis coincides withthe Y axis of the absolute coordinate system, and thereafter, thereshall be no rotation with respect to the zb axis.

xb axis: A straight line passing through a given point on the referenceaxis and perpendicular to the zb axis and the yb axis.

Next, the local coordinate system is defined.

z axis: A surface normal through the origin of the local coordinatesystem.

y axis: A straight line through the origin of the local coordinatesystem, and forming an angle of 90° counterclockwise with the z axis, inaccordance with the definition of a right-handed coordinate system.

x axis: A straight line through the origin of the local coordinatesystem and perpendicular to the ybzb plane.

Consequently, in the present embodiments (numerical examples), the tiltangle in the i-th ybzb plane is expressed as the angle θxb,i (indegrees) between the z axis of the local coordinate system and the zbaxis of the coordinate system on the reference axis, taking thecounterclockwise direction in which the two axes form a sharp angle aspositive, the tilt angle in the i-th xbzb plane is expressed as theangle θyb,i (in degrees) to the zb axis of the coordinate system on thereference axis, taking the counterclockwise direction as positive, andthe tilt angle in the i-th xbyb plane is expressed as the angle θzb,i(in degrees) to the yb axis of the coordinate system on the referenceaxis, taking the counterclockwise direction as positive. Ordinarily,however, θzb,i corresponds to a rotation of the surface and isdisregarded in the present embodiments. FIG. 53 illustrates therelationship between the absolute coordinate system, the coordinatesystems on the reference axis and the local coordinate systems.

Moreover, in the present embodiments (numerical examples), Di is ascalar quantity expressing the distance between the origins of the localcoordinate systems of the i-th surface and the (i+1)th surface, and Ndiand νdi are, respectively, the refractive index and the Abbe number ofthe medium between the i-th surface and the (i+1)th surface.Furthermore, e−X is shorthand for 10^(−x).

Here, the shape of spherical surfaces is expressed by the followingequation:

$\begin{matrix}{z = \frac{\left( {x^{2} + y^{2}} \right)/{Ri}}{1 + \left\{ {1 - {\left( {x^{2} + y^{2}} \right)/{Ri}^{2}}} \right\}^{1/2}}} & (1)\end{matrix}$

Moreover, the optical systems of the present embodiments have at leastone aspherical surface, which is rotationally asymmetric, and whoseshape can be expressed by the following equation:z=C02y ² +C20x ² +C03y ³ +C21x ² y+C04y ⁴ +C22x ² y ² +C40x ⁴ +C05y ⁵+C23x ² y ³ +C41x ⁴ y+C06y ⁶ +C24x ² y ⁴ +C42x ⁴ y ² +C60x ⁶

In this curved surface equation, all x's have even exponents, so thatthe curved surface given by this curved surface equation is planesymmetric with the yz plane as the symmetry plane. Moreover, if thefollowing condition is satisfied, then the above equation expresses ashape which is symmetric with respect to the xz plane:C03=C21=C05=C23=C41=t=0

Moreover, if

-   -   C02=C20    -   C04=C40=C22/2 and    -   C06=C60=C24/3=C42/3        are satisfied, then the above equation expresses a rotationally        symmetric shape. If these conditions are not satisfied, then it        expresses a rotationally asymmetric shape.

Next, the projection angle of the optical system for moving (parallelmovement or tilting of) the image surface is defined. FIG. 54illustrates the positional relationship between a screen and an imagesurface. P denotes a projection optical system and an image projectionapparatus according to the present embodiments, S denotes an imagesurface on which the actual image display is performed, E denotes aregion through which the image surface S can be moved while maintaininga favorable image-forming performance. This region E is referred to asthe effective projection region on the screen. In the followingdescription, the symbol E is also added to the screen. The position ofthe image surface S within the effective projection region E isexpressed by the angle formed by the normal on the screen surface andthe x and y components of the reference axis reaching the center of theimage surface S from the center of the exit pupil SSa of the projectionoptical system P, and is given by the projection angle θx, θy.

The basic principle for realizing a projection angle variation whilemaintaining a favorable optical performance with the image projectionapparatuses of the present embodiments is explained using FIG. 50.

In FIG. 50, although not shown in detail, LL denotes an image displaypanel system comprising a light valve (image display panel: imageforming element) using a liquid crystal, a reflective dot matrix liquidcrystal or a digital micro-mirror device or the like, and anillumination system illuminating light onto the light valve. C denotes afirst optical system having image-forming capability, which forms animage on a spherical surface B1, whose curvature center is at an exitpupil EXP at an aperture stop SS of the first optical system C, afterreflection at a rotatable mirror G. Needless to say, the first opticalsystem C should have the capability to form an image onto the sphericalsurface B1, so that it may be an optical system with coaxial rotationalsymmetry, or an optical system including a curved reflective surface asa structural element. Moreover, the aperture stop of the first opticalsystem C does not necessarily have to coincide with the exit pupil EXP,in which case the rotatable mirror G is disposed at the position of theexit pupil EXP.

Moreover, the surface on which the first optical system C forms an imagedoes not necessarily have to be a spherical surface, and there may alsobe a discrepancy from a spherical surface, within a range which isdetermined by the depth of focus. However, it is preferable that thefirst optical system C has the ability to form an image on a curvedsurface which is concave with respect to the light valve LL.

In this situation, when the rotatable mirror G is rotated in the paperplane of the figure, the image on the spherical surface B1 moves to A1or C1 while maintaining the optical performance, that is to say, it ismoved continuously over the region E′.

Next, by placing a second optical system R including curved reflectivesurfaces as structural elements in front of the rotatable mirror Gasshown in FIG. 50, the image of the first optical system C is guided tothe second optical system R. In this situation, the second opticalsystem R is designed such that the image on the spherical surface (A1,B1 or C1) is image-formed with favorable optical performance on thescreen (effective projection region E)

Moreover, by using a second optical system R comprising curvedreflective surfaces as structural elements, it is possible to project animage obliquely onto the screen E, due to the characteristics of theoff-axial optical system.

Consequently, the image of the image display panel system LL isdisplayed at a region B2 on the screen E, after passing through thefirst optical system C, the rotatable mirror G and the second opticalsystem R. The images A1, B1 and C1 on the region E′ can be respectivelyimaged onto A2, B2 and C2 on the screen by rotating the rotatable mirrorG as mentioned above. Therefore, the projection optical system of thepresent embodiments can perform image display at any projection anglewithin a region E at which a favorable optical performance is ensured bythe second optical system R. However, the member rotating around theexit pupil EXP of the first optical system C on the panel side is notlimited to the rotatable mirror G, and it is also possible that thefirst optical system C and the image display panel system LL are rotatedtogether, or that the second optical system R on the image side isrotated. These are relative rotations of the members, so that rotationsof any of the members including the optical systems are opticallyequivalent.

Moreover, image B1 on the region E′ does not necessarily have to beimaged onto a spherical surface. That is to say, the region E′ does nothave to form a spherical surface. In other words, as can be seen fromthe above-described principle, in order to vary the projection angle,the image B1 of the first optical system C on the panel side has to becontinuously moved on the region E′ while maintaining a favorableoptical performance, and this is best realized by making the region E′ aspherical surface. In actuality, however, there is some latitude in thetolerances of the optical performance, such as depth of focus anddistortion, so that as long as the tolerances are met, the region E′ maybe of any surface shape, and does not necessarily have to be spherical.

Furthermore, to explain the image-forming of the first optical system Con the panel side, when the projection optical systems P of the presentembodiments vary the position of the image surface S two-dimensionallyon the screen E, if the aberrations of the entire field angle inrespective azimuth directions are uniform, then they do not need to besufficiently corrected. This is because, if the aberrations are uniformfor the entire field angle, then they can be corrected by the secondoptical system R on the image side, which includes curved reflectivesurfaces as structural elements. Moreover, when the position of theimage surface S is varied one-dimensionally in only a single direction(moving direction) on the screen, if the aberrations for the entirefield angle of the moving direction are uniform, then the imagingperformance in directions that are not the moving direction does notneed to be favorable. This is also because it can be corrected by thesecond optical system R on the image side, which includes curvedreflective surfaces as structural elements.

Moreover, the above-described principle was explained only in the paperplane, but it is the same also for three-dimensional space. However, atwo-dimensional movement of the image on the screen with rotatablemirrors as the only members rotating around the exit pupil of the firstoptical system C on the panel side can be easily accomplished using atotal of two rotatable mirrors G1 and G2 which are responsible forrotation in horizontal direction and rotation in vertical direction,respectively.

This is because, when the rotatable mirror G in FIG. 50 is rotated inthe direction perpendicular to the paper plane, then the image displaypanel of the image display panel system LL and the rotatable mirror Gare in a skewed positional relation, so that even though the referenceaxis ray on the screen E is imaged onto the desired location, the imagesurface S is rotated on the screen. However, arranging a plurality ofrotatable mirrors G1 and G2 at the exit pupil EXP of the first opticalsystem C on the panel side is physically impossible, so that even if therotatable mirrors G1 and G2 are strictly speaking not arranged at theexit pupil EXP, they may be arranged near the exit pupil EXP at such aspacing that they do not interfere with one another, as long as theimage on the region E′ is within the range of tolerances of opticalperformance as noted above. When two rotatable mirrors are used in thepresent embodiments of the invention, the rotatable mirror with thelarger rotation angle is arranged at the exit pupil EXP, and the otherrotatable mirror is arranged at such a spacing that there is nointerference.

Needless to say, moving the image two-dimensionally on the screen E inthis manner can also be accomplished with a single rotatable mirrorwhich is arranged at the exit pupil EXP of the first optical system C onthe panel side, because it is conceivable that there is a means forrotating the panel such that the rotation of the image S is canceled, inorder to prevent the above-mentioned rotation of the image S on thescreen E.

Embodiment 1

FIG. 1 is a birds-eye view of a projection optical system P according toEmbodiment 1 of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a diagram in which thereference axis bent by the rotatable mirror G in FIG. 1 has beenstretched out. While details have been omitted in FIG. 1, LL denotes animage display panel system comprising three light valves (image displaypanels: image forming elements) using a liquid crystal for RGB colors, adichroic optical element performing color combination of RGB color lightcomponents from the light valves, and an illumination systemilluminating light onto the light valves. Although in this embodimentand the following Embodiments 2 and 5, three light valves are provided,only one light valve is shown in the figures for simplicity. Theillumination system is made of a lamp, a condenser lens, andwavelength-selective filters, not shown in the figures.

Each of the light valves is connected to a driver circuit DC, and thisdriver circuit DC is supplied with image information by an imageinformation supply apparatus ISA, such as a computer, a DVD-player, avideo-deck, or a TV tuner. The driver circuit DC drives the light valvein accordance with the supplied image information and forms an originalimage on the light valve. Thus, an image display system is constituted(this is also the same in the other embodiments).

The projection optical system P uses an off-axial system in which arotationally symmetric coaxial lens system (first optical system) C, arotatable mirror G, and a reflective second optical system (secondoptical system) R comprising off-axial reflective surfaces guide lightwhich has been optically modulated by the light valve to the screen(effective projection region) E shown in FIG. 2, and form an image S onthe screen E. The size of the screen E is 1300×3020 mm, the size of theimage surface S is 60 inches (914.4×1219.2 mm) with an aspect ratio of3:4, the corrective projection angle range as expressed by the angleformed by the normal on the screen E and the reference axis is θx:−30.96° to 30.96°, θy: 16.96° to 29.33°.

FIG. 3 shows enlarged views of the projection optical systems C, R,rotatable mirror G, and the image display panel system LL in FIGS. 1 and2. In FIG. 3A, LV denotes a light valve using a liquid crystal, and Ldenotes an illumination system illuminating light onto the light valveLV. The size of the light valve LV (size of the effective displaysurface) is 10.668×14.224 mm. D denotes a dichroic optical elementperforming color combination of RGB color light components from thelight valves, but FIG. 3A is a simplified light path diagram for onlyone panel. C denotes a refractive optical system (first optical system)made of coaxial and rotationally symmetric spherical surfaces C1 to C14,and G1 denotes a rotatable mirror placed at the position of an aperturestop SS. G2 denotes a rotatable mirror placed near the aperture stop SSat such a distance to the rotatable mirror G1 that there is nointerference between the two. R1 to R4 denote off-axial reflectivesurfaces constituting a reflective optical system (second opticalsystem) R.

FIG. 3B illustrate how the first optical system C in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3Aforms an image B1 on the screen E. The distance from the exit pupil EXP(aperture stop SS) to the screen E is 1000 mm, and the image B1 isformed on a spherical surface whose curvature center is the exit pupilEXP. Also in the following Embodiments 2 to 5, the image formation ofthe first optical system C on the panel side is in principle the same,although the image-formation conditions required by each of theembodiments may differ somewhat.

FIG. 4 illustrates the possibility of moving or tilting the position ofthe image surface S on the screen (effective projection region E), whichis a characteristic feature of the projection optical system P of thepresent embodiment. S1 to S4 denote representative positions of theimage surface S which can be moved continually over the region E byrotating the rotatable mirrors G1 and G2 substantially around the centerof the exit pupil EXP of the lens system C.

The following lists the structural data of the reflective optical systemR used in the present embodiment:

numerical aperture on the object side: 0.25

variable projection angle range:

-   -   θx: −30.96° to 30.96°,    -   θy: 16.96° to 29.33°

surf. Xi Yi Zi Di θxb, i θyb, i Ndi νdi 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 44.00 0.00 0.001.755199 27.51 transm. surf. 2 0.00 0.00 44.00 11.92 0.00 0.00 transm.surf. 3 0.00 0.00 55.92 10.00 0.00 0.00 1.618000 63.33 transm. surf. 40.00 0.00 65.92 1.26 0.00 0.00 transm. surf. 5 0.00 0.00 67.18 10.000.00 0.00 1.740769 27.79 transm. surf. 6 0.00 0.00 77.18 16.57 0.00 0.001.618000 63.33 transm. surf. 7 0.00 0.00 93.75 3.85 0.00 0.00 transm.surf. 8 0.00 0.00 97.61 10.00 0.00 0.00 1.620041 36.26 transm. surf. 90.00 0.00 107.61 11.61 0.00 0.00 1.622992 58.16 transm. surf. 10 0.000.00 119.22 3.11 0.00 0.00 transm. surf. 11 0.00 0.00 122.33 7.92 0.000.00 1.581439 40.75 transm. surf. 12 0.00 0.00 130.25 26.52 0.00 0.001.755199 27.51 transm. surf. 13 0.00 0.00 156.77 0.10 0.00 0.00 transm.surf. 14 0.00 0.00 156.87 22.29 0.00 0.00 1.618000 63.33 transm. surf.15 0.00 0.00 179.16 2.40 0.00 0.00 1.639799 34.46 transm. surf. 16 0.000.00 181.56 45.00 0.00 0.00 transm. surf. 17 0.00 0.00 226.56 69.00 0.0045.00 aperture stop, rotatable mirror 18 69.00 0.00 226.56 150.00 53.790.00 galv. mirror 19 114.30 142.99 226.56 109.00 31.64 0.00 refl. surf.20 6.69 125.68 226.56 99.00 −23.00 0.00 refl. surf. 21 63.27 206.91226.56 205.00 29.00 0.00 refl. surf. 22 −141.47 217.14 226.56 1819.16−13.14 0.00 refl. surf. 23 1527.82 940.50 226.56 23.42 0.00 image surf.spherical curvature radii

-   -   surface 1 (D1) planar surface    -   surface 2 (D2) planar surface    -   surface 3 (C1) −45.579    -   surface 4 (C2) −36.382    -   surface 5 (C3) 116.297    -   surface 6 (C4) 32.179    -   surface 7 (C5) −78.222    -   surface 8 (C6) −41.377    -   surface 9 (C7) 38.113    -   surface 10 (C8) 79.760    -   surface 11 (C9) 143.753    -   surface 12 (C10) 63.597    -   surface 13 (C11) −65.092    -   surface 14 (C12) 60.688    -   surface 15 (C13) −62.650    -   surface 16 (C14) 46.288    -   surface 17 (G1) planar surface    -   surface 18 (G2) planar surface        aspherical surface coefficients:        surface 19 (R1)    -   C02=−3.34627e−004, C20=−4.61252e−004    -   C03=2.23745e−006, C21=2.76715e−006    -   C04=6.70885e−009, C22=1.73598e−008, C40=7.10187e−009    -   C05=5.79161e−011, C23=1.61542e−010, C41=1.41955e−010    -   C06=−8.84837e−013, C24=1.36684e−012, C42=5.95360e−013    -   C60=−5.85308e−013    -   C07=−2.28937e−014, C25=−8.11508e−015, C43=−3.20820e−014    -   C61=−1.53876e−014    -   C08=−2.31906e−016, C26=−5.52636e−017, C44=−6.69636e−016    -   C62=−3.05739e−016    -   C80=3.53649e−018        surface 20 (R2)    -   C02=6.23351e−004, C20=6.20891e−004    -   C03=5.94521e−006, C21=6.09989e−006    -   C04=−1.08502e−008, C22=9.06585e−010, C40=5.49583e−009    -   C05=−2.51601e−011, C23=−2.10187e−010, C41=−3.05184e−011    -   C06=−2.65374e−012, C24=1.96467e−012, C42=−5.95440e−013    -   C60=−9.54950e−013    -   C07=4.72288e−015, C25=1.45278e−014, C43=8.37905e−015    -   C61=−1.48399e−015    -   C08=−3.80650e−016, C26=3.75782e−016, C44=−7.45419e−016    -   C62=−1.28335e−016    -   C80=−1.22431e−017        surface 21 (R3)    -   C02=2.15389e−003, C20=2.13068e−003    -   C03=3.76710e−006, C21=1.33732e−006    -   C04=−2.81173e−008, C22=−4.26703e−008, C40=−1.89475e−008    -   C05=−8.09417e−010, C23=−2.91023e−009, C41=−1.61773e−009    -   C06=−1.46650e−011, C24=−1.78656e−011, C42=−2.55800e−011    -   C60=−1.25734e−011    -   C07=−4.15287e−013, C25=3.10824e−013, C43=1.96887e−013    -   C61=1.14163e−013    -   C08=−1.15460e−014, C26=8.27649e−015, C44=7.90915e−016    -   C62=1.92887e−015    -   C80=5.66114e−016        surface 22 (R4)    -   C02=1.97749e−003, C20=2.24885e−003    -   C03=−6.73980e−007, C21=−9.41737e−007    -   C04=6.60684e−009, C22=1.41999e−008, C40=6.95582e−009    -   C05=−6.99603e−012, C23=−8.35864e−012, C41=−9.10228e−012    -   C06=8.97555e−015, C24=−1.05530e−013, C42=−3.16960e−014    -   C60=2.27547e−014    -   C07=−1.80495e−016, C25=2.86454e−016, C43=−4.23080e−016    -   C61=−9.96799e−017    -   C08=−2.29867e−018, C26=1.00632e−017, C44=1.15352e−017    -   C62=6.55540e−018    -   C80=1.58467e−018        rotatable members:        surface 17 (G1)    -   θy,i: ±3.6666°    -   rotation center: (Xi,Yi,Zi)=(0.00 0.00 226.56)    -   (EXP in FIG. 3)        surface 18 (G2)    -   θx,i: ±0.850045°    -   rotation center: (Xi,Yi,Zi)=(114.30 142.99 226.56)

The following is an explanation of the optical action of the presentembodiment. The light generated by the light source (illumination systemL) illuminates the light valve LV, the image of an original image formedby the light valve LV is magnified by the projection optical system Pincluding the reflective second optical system R, and is projected ontothe screen E.

The projection optical system P of the present embodiment ischaracterized in that it can move or tilt the image surface on thescreen E. FIG. 55 shows the evaluation positions on the various imagesurfaces for evaluating the lateral aberration at the image surfacepositions S1 to S4 shown in FIG. 4.

FIG. 5 shows the state of the distortion for the image surface positionsS1 to S4 with the projection optical system P of the present embodiment,FIGS. 6 to 9 show lateral aberration charts for the evaluation positions(1) through (5) (marked by the circled numbers in the figures; same inthe following) of the image surface positions S1 to S4 (see FIG. 55). Ascan be seen from FIG. 5, there is no large distortion in the presentembodiment, and also the asymmetric distortion is small.

As for the definition of the axes in the lateral aberration charts inFIGS. 6 to 9, the horizontal axis marks the x axis or the y axis on thepupil plane, and the vertical axis marks the aberration amount on thescreen E. From these figures, it can be seen that excellent imageformation is attained at each of the image surface positions S1 to S4.

In the present embodiment, as mentioned above, the first optical systemC on the panel side has the capability to form an image on a sphericalsurface. FIG. 10 shows the state of the distortion of the first opticalsystem C. FIG. 11 shows lateral aberration charts at the evaluationpositions (1) through (5). As can be seen from FIG. 10, there is nolarge distortion. And as can be seen from FIG. 11, the image formationis excellent. It should be noted that the focal length of the firstoptical system C on the panel side is 82.7432 mm.

Embodiment 2

FIG. 12 is a diagram in which the reference axis bent by the rotatablemirror G of the projection optical system P according to Embodiment 2 ofthe present invention has been stretched out. While details have beenomitted in FIG. 12, LL denotes an image display panel system comprisingthree light valves (image display panels) using a liquid crystal, adichroic optical element performing color combination of RGB color lightcomponents from the light valves, and an illumination systemilluminating light onto the light valves. The illumination system ismade of a lamp, a condenser lens, and wavelength-selective filters,which are not shown. Ra denotes a first reflective optical system placedcloser to the light valves than the aperture stop SS, and Rb is a secondoptical system placed closer to the screen (effective projection regionE) than the aperture stop SS, as shown in an enlarged view in FIG. 13.

The projection optical system uses an off-axial system, in which theoff-axial reflective system Ra and Rb and a rotatable mirror G guidelight which has been optically modulated by the light valve LV to thescreen (effective projection region) E shown in FIG. 12, and form animage S on the screen.

The size of the screen E is 1300×3020 mm, the size of the image surfaceS is 60 inches (914.4×1219.2 mm) with an aspect ratio of 3:4, thecorrective projection angle range as expressed by the angle formed bythe normal on the screen E and the reference axis is θx: −30.96° to30.96°, θy: 16.96° to 29.33°.

In FIG. 13, LV denotes the light valve (image display panel) using aliquid crystal, L denotes the illumination system illuminating lightonto the light valve LV. The size of the light valve LV is 10.668×14.224mm. The illumination system is made of a lamp, a condenser lens, andwavelength-selective filters, not shown in the figure.

Ra1 to Ra3 denote off-axial reflective surfaces constituting the firstreflective optical system Ra. G1 denotes a rotatable mirror placed atthe position of an aperture stop SS, and G2 denotes a rotatable mirrorplaced near the aperture stop SS at such a distance to the rotatablemirror G1 that there is no interference between the two. Rb1 to Rb4denote off-axial reflective surfaces constituting the second reflectiveoptical system Rb. A dichroic optical element (not shown in the figure)is inserted between the light valve LV and a first reflective surfaceR1.

FIG. 14 illustrates the possibility of moving or tilting the position ofthe image surface S on the screen E, which is a characteristic featureof the projection optical system P of the present embodiment. S1 to S4denote representative positions of the image surface S which can bemoved continually over the screen E by rotating the mirrors G1 and G2substantially around the center of the exit pupil EXP of the firstreflective optical system Ra.

The following lists the structural data of the reflective optical systemP used in the present embodiment:

numerical aperture on the object side: 0.13

variable projection angle range:

-   -   θx: −30.96° to 30.96°,    -   θy: 16.96° to 29.33°

surf. Xi Yi Zi Di θx, i θy, i 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 102.32 21.00 0.00 refl.surf. 2 0.00 −36.67 −95.53 125.00 −34.62 0.00 refl. surf. 3 0.00 −129.91−12.27 150.00 19.80 0.00 refl. surf. 4 0.00 −107.40 −160.57 152.85 0.0045.00 aperture stop, rotatable mirror 5 −150.00 −110.21 −160.99 151.2845.03 0.00 galv. mirror 6 −150.00 −258.51 −183.51 273.24 −30.20 0.00refl. surf. 7 −385.71 −123.96 −163.08 100.93 25.40 0.00 refl. surf. 8−368.25 −221.90 −177.95 200.21 −30.29 0.00 refl. surf. 9 −556.18 −154.27−167.68 1819.23 13.56 0.00 refl. surf. 10 684.92 −1470.00 −367.37 23.420.00 image surf.aspherical surface coefficients:surface 1 (Ra1)

-   -   C02=−1.03240e−003, C20=−1.45854e−003    -   C03=−2.14774e−006, C21=−3.05918e−006    -   C04=−1.64324e−008, C22=1.44519e−008, C40=2.11600e−008    -   C05=−1.71110e−010, C23=2.31416e−010, C41=2.29026e−010    -   C06=1.87531e−012, C24=−9.91888e−013, C42=4.29442e−012    -   C60=6.64142e−013        surface 2 (Ra2)    -   C02=−1.42318e−003, C20=−2.33908e−003    -   C03=−4.48265e−006, C21=−8.57822e−006    -   C04=−3.45545e−008, C22=1.42283e−008, C40=7.84260e−008    -   C05=−3.33993e−010, C23=2.40677e−010, C41=7.65170e−010    -   C06=−4.96946e−013, C24=7.54609e−013, C42=1.01548e−011    -   C60=2.30734e−013        surface 3 (Ra3)    -   C02=−1.06763e−003, C20=−1.23805e−003    -   C03=−6.43467e−007, C21=−1.04293e−006    -   C04=−3.48111e−009, C22=−2.68222e−010, C40=3.38307e−009    -   C05=−9.26305e−012, C23=−5.99924e−012, C41=−2.60159e−013    -   C06=3.52181e−014, C24=−3.21958e−015, C42=1.47839e−013    -   C60=7.28860e−014        surface 6 (Rb1)    -   C02=4.06880e−004, C20=4.85339e−004    -   C03=−3.78483e−007, C21=−8.56533e−007    -   C04=−1.68390e−009, C22=−3.69914e−010, C40=5.74012e−009    -   C05=−8.74076e−013, C23=4.72985e−012, C41=1.14003e−011    -   C06=9.40266e−015, C24=5.14686e−014, C42=1.65459e−013    -   C60=−8.34469e−015        surface 7 (Rb2)    -   C02=−3.90570e−004, C20=−2.55225e−004    -   C03=−3.13570e−006, C21=−4.38507e−006    -   C04=5.15483e−009, C22=4.27334e−008, C40=9.15955e−008    -   C05=1.44166e−010, C23=1.66786e−010, C41=−2.39643e−010    -   C06=−8.58155e−013, C24=−7.38103e−013, C42=5.55934e−012    -   C60=6.46727e−012        surface 8 (Rb3)    -   C02=−4.09554e−003, C20=−2.41353e−003    -   C03=3.63446e−006, C21=7.97128e−006    -   C04=1.13785e−007, C22=5.31203e−007, C40=5.90295e−007    -   C05=2.32366e−009, C23=3.08228e−009, C41=−1.16106e−009    -   C06=−5.69240e−012, C24=−8.79701e−012, C42=−2.27620e−011    -   C60=−5.71763e−011        surface 9 (Rb4)    -   C02=−3.20759e−003, C20=−4.28751e−003    -   C03=4.15538e−006, C21=7.37215e−006    -   C04=−1.59913e−008, C22=−2.47376e−008, C40=−5.80558e−009    -   C05=−2.37002e−011, C23=−5.75017e−011, C41=−2.40564e−011    -   C06=−3.64671e−013, C24=−1.11816e−012, C42=−1.89215e−012    -   C60=−1.14179e−012        rotatable members:        surface 4 (G1)    -   θy,i: ±0.90666    -   rotation center: (Xi,Yi,Zi)=(0.00 −107.40 −160.57)    -   (EXP in FIG. 13)        surface 5 (G2)    -   θy,i: ±0.18492    -   rotation center: (Xi,Yi,Zi)=(−150.00 −110.21 −160.99)

The following is an explanation of the optical action of the presentembodiment. The light generated by the light source (illumination systemL) illuminates the light valve LV, the image of an original image at thelight valve LV is magnified by the projection optical system P includingthe reflective second optical system R (Ra and Rb), and is projectedonto the screen E.

The projection optical system P of the present embodiment ischaracterized in that it can move or tilt the image surface on thescreen E. FIG. 55 shows the evaluation positions on the various imagesurfaces for evaluating the lateral aberration at the image surfacepositions S1 to S4 shown in FIG. 14.

FIG. 15 shows the state of the distortion for the image surfacepositions S1 to S4 with the projection optical system of the presentembodiment, and FIGS. 16 to 19 show lateral aberration charts for theevaluation positions (1) through (5) of the image surface positions S1to S4. As can be seen from FIG. 15, there is no large distortion in thepresent embodiment, and also the asymmetric distortion is small. As forthe definition of the axes in the lateral aberration charts in FIGS. 16to 19, the horizontal axis marks the x axis or the y axis on the pupilplane, and the vertical axis marks the aberration amount on the screenE. From these figures, it can be seen that excellent image formation isattained at each of the image surface positions S1 to S4.

In this Embodiment 2, as described above, the first reflective opticalsystem Ra on the panel side causes aberrations which are uniform for theentire field angle in respective azimuth directions, and which arecorrected by the second reflective optical system Rb on the imagesurface side. FIG. 20 shows the state of the distortion of the opticalsystem Ra. FIGS. 21 and 22 show lateral aberration charts at theevaluation positions (1) through (10) shown in FIG. 56. As can be seenfrom FIG. 20, there is no large distortion. And as can be seen fromFIGS. 21 and 22, uniform aberrations are generated for each direction onthe reference axis as well as off-axis, even though the aberrations inhorizontal direction and vertical direction do not coincide with eachother. Consequently, as noted above, a correction is possible with whichexcellent images can be attained on the screen E with the secondreflective optical system Rb on the image side.

It should be noted that the focal length of the first reflective opticalsystem Ra on the panel side is 362.307 mm.

Embodiment 3

FIG. 23 shows the structure of a projection optical system P accordingto Embodiment 3 of the present invention. The projection optical systemP in FIG. 23 uses an off-axial system, in which the off-axial reflectivesurfaces guide light which has been optically modulated by the lightvalve LV to the screen (effective projection region) E, and form animage S on the screen E.

FIG. 24 is an enlarged view of the projection optical system P in FIG.23. In FIG. 23, LV denotes a light valve (image display panel) using adot-matrix liquid crystal or digital micro-mirror device or the like, Ldenotes an illumination system illuminating light onto the light valveLV. The size of the light valve LV is 12.192×16.256 mm. The illuminationsystem is made of a lamp, a condenser lens, and wavelength-selectivefilters, not shown in the figures. R1 to R8 denote off-axial reflectivesurfaces constituting the reflective optical system R.

The size of the screen E is 914.4×3020 mm, the size of the image surfaceS is 60 inches (914.4×1219.2 mm) with an aspect ratio of 3:4, and thecorrective projection angle range as expressed by the angle formed bythe normal on the screen E and the reference axis is θx: −30.96° to30.96°, θy: 23.43°.

FIG. 25 illustrates the possibility of moving the position of the imagesurface S on the screen E (that is, parallel moving or tilting), whichis a characteristic feature of the projection optical system P of thepresent embodiment. The image surface S can be continually moved byrotating the reflective surfaces R5 to R8 substantially around thecenter of the exit pupil EXP of the reflective surfaces R1 to R4. Thefollowing lists the structural data of the reflective optical system Rused in the present embodiment:

entrance pupil diameter: 13 mm

variable projection angle range:

-   -   θx: −30.96° to 30.96°,    -   θy: 23.43°

surf. Xi Yi Zi Di θx, i 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 50.00 0.00 aperture stop 2 0.000.00 50.00 50.00 20.00 refl. surf. 3 0.00 −32.14 11.70 50.00 −30.00refl. surf. 4 0.00 −49.24 58.68 78.95 20.00 refl. surf. 5 0.00 −76.24−15.51 220.00 −15.00 refl. surf. 6 0.00 −114.45 201.15 109.00 31.64refl. surf. 7 0.00 −201.82 135.98 99.00 −23.00 refl. surf. 8 0.00−189.27 234.18 205.00 29.00 refl. surf. 9 0.00 −375.49 148.45 1819.28−13.14 refl. surf. 10 0.00 769.22 1562.46 23.43 image surf.aspherical surface coefficients:surface 2 (R1)

-   -   C02=−3.25998e−003, C20=−6.90086e−003    -   C03=1.41381e−005, C21=−1.95773e−005    -   C04=−2.05742e−007, C22=4.50838e−007, C40=−3.67778e−007    -   C05=1.18939e−009, C23=6.33971e−009, C41=−1.83234e−009    -   C06=−2.62309e−011, C24=1.56107e−010, C42=2.45239e−011    -   C60=−4.12034e−011        surface 3 (R2)    -   C02=4.95762e−004, C20=3.41582e−003    -   C03=−8.24393e−006, C21=4.41156e−005    -   C04=2.18058e−008, C22=−1.91260e−006, C40=−3.76944e−006    -   C05=3.65888e−009, C23=4.65171e−010, C41=−1.02006e−007    -   C06=1.18156e−010, C24=−1.28201e−011, C42=6.41833e−009    -   C60=−2.52792e−009        surface 4 (R3)    -   C02=−6.28009e−003, C20=−4.27970e−003    -   C03=2.66468e−005, C21=−4.90068e−005    -   C04=−1.29824e−007, C22=−7.96476e−007, C40=−5.63879e−008    -   C05=8.80497e−010, C23=−2.55320e−009, C41=−8.31151e−009    -   C06=1.43667e−010, C24=−6.29776e−010, C42=3.71567e−010    -   C60=3.88043e−012        surface 5 (R4)    -   C02=4.81418e−003, C20=1.57392e−003    -   C03=−9.59877e−006, C21=2.34354e−005    -   C04=−3.67975e−007, C22=8.37738e−007, C40=−4.10206e−008    -   C05=−4.21037e−009, C23=3.31306e−009, C41=1.67042e−009    -   C06=−9.48563e−011, C24=2.88014e−011, C42=8.88942e−011    -   C60=−5.25553e−013        surface 6 (R5)    -   C02=−2.71798e−004, C20=−6.87849e−004    -   C03=−4.32341e−006, C21=3.32927e−006    -   C04=6.71967e−008, C22=1.91790e−008, C40=4.48290e−009    -   C05=−1.00900e−010, C23=−1.07249e−010, C41=−4.59171e−011    -   C06=8.93194e−012, C24=2.17778e−012, C42=−1.39463e−014    -   C60=5.29477e−014        surface 7 (R6)    -   C02=6.10818e−004, C20=3.78002e−004    -   C03=1.45274e−006, C21=1.02433e−005    -   C04=8.94503e−008, C22=−2.15932e−009, C40=−4.01602e−009    -   C05=8.94389e−011, C23=−8.24123e−010, C41=−4.06032e−010    -   C06=−1.03983e−012, C24=2.25939e−012, C42=3.04242e−012    -   C60=3.61656e−013        surface 8 (R7)    -   C02=1.76831e−003, C20=2.61055e−003    -   C03=1.54236e−005, C21=1.70996e−005    -   C04=7.60359e−008, C22=−1.46758e−007, C40=−7.12061e−008    -   C05=−4.71421e−010, C23=−5.50805e−010, C41=−2.50296e−009    -   C06=−7.87391e−011, C24=3.23097e−011, C42=−1.86863e−011    -   C60=−6.46858e−012        surface 9 (R8)    -   C02=2.15655e−003, C20=2.60973e−003    -   C03=−1.89367e−006, C21=−2.53014e−006    -   C04=2.63036e−008, C22=2.28068e−008, C40=8.15850e−009    -   C05=−7.50451e−011, C23=−7.34461e−011, C41=1.07527e−012    -   C06=−1.92884e−012, C24=3.20510e−013, C42=1.46855e−013    -   C60=1.16684e−013        rotatable member, surfaces 6 to 9 (R5 to R8)        optical system, θx,i: ±2.46156        rotation center: (Xi,Yi,Zi)=(0.00 −58.88 −113.99) (EXP in FIG.        24)

The following is an explanation of the optical action of the presentembodiment. The light generated by the light source (illumination systemL) illuminates the light valve LV, the image of an original image at thelight valve LV is magnified by the projection optical system P includingthe reflective second optical system R, and is projected onto the screenE.

The projection optical system P of the present embodiment ischaracterized in that it can move or tilt the image surface on thescreen E. FIG. 55 shows the evaluation positions on the various imagesurfaces for evaluating the lateral aberration at the image surfacepositions S1 and S2 shown in FIG. 25.

FIG. 26 shows the state of the distortion for the image surfacepositions S1 and S2 with the projection optical system of the presentembodiment, and FIGS. 27 to 28 show lateral aberration charts for theevaluation positions (1) through (5) of the image surface positions S1and S2. As can be seen from FIG. 26, there is no large distortion in thepresent embodiment, and also the asymmetric distortion is small. As forthe definition of the axes in the lateral aberration charts in FIGS. 27and 28, the horizontal axis marks the x axis or the y axis on the pupilplane, and the vertical axis marks the aberration amount on the screenE. From these figures, it can be seen that excellent image formation isattained at each of the image surface positions S1 and S2.

In this Embodiment 3, the image surface S is moved only in thehorizontal direction on the screen E, so that a first optical systemconstituted by the reflective surfaces R1 to R4 on the panel side in thereflective optical system R makes the aberrations uniform in thehorizontal direction, and the aberrations are then corrected by a secondoptical system constituted by the reflective surfaces R5 to R8 on theimage surface side in the reflective optical system R.

FIG. 29 shows the state of the distortion of the optical system R1 toR4. FIG. 30 shows lateral aberration charts at the evaluation positions(1) through (5) shown in FIG. 55. As can be seen from FIG. 29, there isno large distortion. And as can be seen from FIG. 30, aberrations in thehorizontal direction are favorably corrected, even though aberrations ofthe vertical direction are not corrected. Consequently, as noted above,a correction is possible with which excellent images can be attained onthe screen E with the second optical system (R5 to R8) on the imagesurface side.

It should be noted that the focal length of the first optical system (R1to R4) on the panel side is 97.0044 mm.

Embodiment 4

FIG. 31 shows the structure of a projection optical system P accordingto Embodiment 4 of the present invention. The projection optical systemP in FIG. 31 uses an off-axial system, in which the off-axial reflectivesurfaces guide light which has been optically modulated by the lightvalve LV to the screen (effective projection region) E, and form animage S on the screen E.

FIG. 32 is an enlarged view of the projection optical system P in FIG.31. In FIG. 32, LV denotes a light valve (image display panel) using adot-matrix liquid crystal or digital micro-mirror device or the like,and L denotes an illumination system illuminating light onto the lightvalve LV. The size of the light valve LV is 10.668×14.224 mm. Theillumination system is made of a lamp, a condenser lens, andwavelength-selective filters, not shown in the figure. R1 to R8 denoteoff-axial reflective surfaces constituting the reflective optical systemR.

The size of the screen E is 914.4×2438.4 mm, the size of the imagesurface S is 60 inches (914.4×1219.2 mm) with an aspect ratio of 3:4,and the corrective projection angle range as expressed by the angleformed by the normal on the screen E and the reference axis is θx:−22.12° to 22.12°, θy: 23.43°.

FIG. 33 illustrates the possibility of moving or tilting the position ofthe image surface S on the screen E, which is a characteristic featureof the projection optical system P of the present embodiment. The imagesurface S can be continually moved by rotating the reflective surfacesR5 to R8 substantially around the center of the exit pupil EXP of thereflective surfaces R1 to R4.

The following lists the structural data of the reflective optical systemused in the present embodiment:

entrance pupil diameter: 13 mm

variable projection angle range:

-   -   θx: −22.12° to 22.12°,    -   θy: 23.43°

surf. Xi Yi Zi Di θx, i 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 57.62 0.00 aperture stop 2 0.000.00 57.62 55.88 14.10 refl. surf. 3 0.00 −26.41 8.38 60.33 −19.90 refl.surf. 4 0.00 −38.54 67.48 67.52 7.45 refl. surf. 5 0.00 −42.44 0.0824.00 −21.72 refl. surf. 6 0.00 −57.91 18.43 69.98 30.49 refl. surf. 70.00 −82.81 −46.97 99.72 −21.69 refl. surf. 8 0.00 −121.03 45.13 180.5634.45 refl. surf. 9 0.00 −251.72 −79.47 1819.28 −10.76 refl. surf. 100.00 512.89 1571.33 23.43 image surf.aspherical surface coefficients:surface 2 (R1)

-   -   C02=−5.67352e−003, C20=−6.18067e−003    -   C03=1.81500e−006, C21=2.02973e−006    -   C04=−2.30946e−007, C22=−4.78406e−007, C40=−2.50224e−007    -   C05=−1.13478e−010, C23=2.90876e−010, C41=2.11069e−010    -   C06=−4.92788e−012, C24=−2.76967e−011, C42=−6.79110e−012    -   C60=−7.03353e−012        surface 3 (R2)    -   C02=−1.28852e−002, C20=−1.76953e−002    -   C03=1.30884e−004, C21=1.60909e−004    -   C04=−1.03604e−005, C22=−2.16544e−005, C40=−1.19191e−005    -   C05=8.12163e−008, C23=3.60597e−007, C41=1.30476e−007    -   C06=−1.31063e−009, C24=−3.28922e−008, C42=7.56681e−009    -   C60=−2.42765e−009        surface 4 (R3)    -   C02=−6.29389e−003, C20=−6.47218e−003    -   C03=6.67987e−008, C21=4.46386e−007    -   C04=−2.63167e−007, C22=−5.10874e−007, C40=−3.10274e−007    -   C05=−2.11146e−009, C23=−2.14865e−010, C41=1.41925e−009    -   C06=7.00858e−012, C24=−2.05288e−010, C42=−7.64844e−012    -   C60=1.32474e−011        surface 5 (R4)    -   C02=3.51643e−003, C20=2.92520e−003    -   C03=1.18039e−004, C21=1.50201e−004    -   C04=−6.89874e−006, C22=−1.29296e−005, C40=−4.68096e−006    -   C05=7.02866e−008, C23=1.55597e−007, C41=9.91682e−008    -   C06=−1.14045e−008, C24=1.95700e−008, C42=1.59223e−008    -   C60=7.03234e−009        surface 6 (R5)    -   C02=1.99546e−003, C20=1.02818e−003    -   C03=2.17400e−005, C21=1.60633e−005    -   C04=−7.88942e−007, C22=6.72894e−007, C40=3.44264e−008    -   C05=−7.99308e−008, C23=5.40936e−008, C41=7.26358e−008    -   C06=−6.30208e−009, C24=5.84475e−009, C42=1.46759e−009    -   C60=3.27548e−010        surface 7 (R6)    -   C02=3.07938e−003, C20=2.56738e−003    -   C03=3.82416e−006, C21=3.85793e−006    -   C04=1.30295e−008, C22=5.67066e−008, C40=3.66501e−008    -   C05=−1.41121e−009, C23=1.05170e−009, C41=5.85957e−010    -   C06=−5.79058e−011, C24=3.18207e−011, C42=2.68712e−012    -   C60=5.23217e−013        surface 8 (R7)    -   C02=4.10051e−003, C20=1.93021e−003    -   C03=−7.82095e−006, C21=−2.77065e−006    -   C04=−1.16010e−008, C22=−3.09078e−007, C40=2.28082e−008    -   C05=−1.11294e−008, C23=2.56977e−009, C41=6.68538e−010    -   C06=−1.03197e−009, C24=1.64297e−010, C42=2.03538e−011    -   C60=2.61965e−015        surface 9 (R8)    -   C02=1.89688e−003, C20=1.99417e−003    -   C03=−2.78275e−007, C21=−8.98419e−007    -   C04=1.72673e−008, C22=1.76298e−008, C40=5.85989e−009    -   C05=−1.05212e−011, C23=−4.09196e−011, C41=−1.27669e−011    -   C06=−5.63347e−013, C24=1.90521e−013, C42=1.18997e−013    -   C60=6.95721e−014        rotatable member: surfaces 6 to 9 (R5 to R8)        optical system, θx,i: ±8.85312        rotation center: (Xi,Yi,Zi)=(0.00 −48.24 6.96) (EXP in FIG. 32)

The following is an explanation of the optical action of the presentembodiment. The light generated by the light source (illumination systemL) illuminates the light valve LV, the image of an original image at thelight valve LV is magnified by the projection optical system P includingthe reflective second optical system R, and is projected onto the screenE.

The projection optical system P of the present embodiment ischaracterized in that it can move or tilt the image surface on thescreen E. FIG. 55 shows the evaluation positions on the various imagesurfaces for evaluating the lateral aberration at the image surfacepositions S1 and S2 shown in FIG. 33.

FIG. 34 shows the state of the distortion for the image surfacepositions S1 and S2 with the projection optical system P of the presentembodiment, and FIGS. 35 to 36 show lateral aberration charts for theevaluation positions (1) through (5) of the image surface positions S1and S2. As can be seen from FIG. 34, there is no large distortion in thepresent embodiment, and also the asymmetric distortion is small. As forthe definition of the axes in the lateral aberration charts in FIGS. 35and 36, the horizontal axis marks the x axis or the y axis on the pupilplane, and the vertical axis marks the aberration amount on the screenE. From these figures, it can be seen that excellent image formation isattained at each of the image surface positions S1 and S2.

In this Embodiment 4, the image surface S is moved only in thehorizontal direction on the screen E, so that a first optical systemconstituted by the reflective surfaces R1 to R4 on the panel side in thereflective optical system R makes the aberrations uniform in thehorizontal direction, and the aberrations are then corrected by a secondoptical system constituted by the reflective surfaces R5 to R8 on theimage surface side in the reflective optical system R. FIG. 37 shows thestate of the distortion of the first optical system (R1 to R4). FIG. 38shows lateral aberration charts at the evaluation positions (1) through(5) shown in FIG. 55. As can be seen from FIG. 37, there is no largedistortion. And as can be seen from FIG. 38, aberrations in thehorizontal direction are favorably corrected, even though aberrations ofthe vertical direction are not corrected. Consequently, as noted above,a correction is possible with which excellent images can be attained onthe screen E with the second optical system (R5 to R8) on the imagesurface side.

It should be noted that the focal length of the first optical system (R1to R4) on the panel side is 24.5256 mm.

Embodiment 5

FIG. 39 is a birds-eye view of a projection optical system P accordingto Embodiment 5 of the present invention. FIG. 40 is a diagram in whichthe reference axis bent by the rotatable mirror G in FIG. 39 has beenstretched out. While details have been omitted in FIG. 39, LL denotes animage display panel system comprising three light valves (image displaypanels) using a liquid crystal for RGB colors, a dichroic opticalelement performing color combination of RGB color light components fromthe light valves, and an illumination system illuminating light onto thelight valves.

The illumination system is made of a lamp, a condenser lens, andwavelength-selective filters, not shown in the figure. The projectionoptical system P uses an off-axial system in which a rotationallysymmetric coaxial lens system (first optical system) C, a rotatablemirror G, and a reflective second optical system (second optical system)R comprising off-axial reflective surfaces guide light which has beenoptically modulated by the light valves to the screen (effectiveprojection region) E shown in FIG. 40, and form an image S on the screenE. The size of the screen E is 1300×3020 mm, the size of the imagesurface S is 60 inches (914.4×1219.2 mm) with an aspect ratio of 3:4,and the corrective projection angle range as expressed by the angleformed by the normal on the screen E and the reference axis is θx:−30.96° to 30.96°, θy: 16.96° to 29.33°.

FIG. 41 shows an enlarged view of the projection optical systems C, R,rotatable mirror G and the image display panel system LL in FIGS. 39 and40.

In FIG. 41, LV denotes three light valves (image display panels) using aliquid crystal for RGB colors, and L denotes an illumination systemilluminating light onto the light valve LV. The size of the light valveLV is 10.668×14.224 mm. D denotes a dichroic optical element performingcolor combination of RGB color light components from the light valvesLV.

C denotes a refractive optical system made of coaxial and rotationallysymmetric spherical surfaces C1 to C14. G1 denotes a rotatable mirrorplaced at the position of an aperture stop SS, and G2 denotes arotatable mirror placed near the aperture stop SS at such a distance tothe rotatable mirror G1 that there is no interference between the two.R1 to R4 denote a reflective optical system made of off-axial reflectivesurfaces.

FIG. 42 illustrates the possibility of moving or tilting the position ofthe image surface S on the screen E, which is a characteristic featureof the projection optical system P of the present embodiment. S1 to S4denote representative positions of the image surface S which can bemoved continually over the screen E by rotating the rotatable mirrors G1and G2 substantially around the center of the exit pupil EXP of the lenssystem C.

The following lists the structural data of the reflective optical systemused in the present embodiment:

surf. Xi Yi Zi Di θx, i θy, i Ndi νdi 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 44.00 0.00 0.001.755199 27.51 transm. surf. 2 0.00 0.00 44.00 44.40 0.00 0.00 transm.surf. 3 0.00 0.00 88.40 10.00 0.00 0.00 1.618000 63.33 transm. surf. 40.00 0.00 98.40 47.72 0.00 0.00 transm. surf. 5 0.00 0.00 146.12 10.000.00 0.00 1.740769 27.79 transm. surf. 6 0.00 0.00 156.12 26.99 0.000.00 1.618000 63.33 transm. surf. 7 0.00 0.00 183.11 4.30 0.00 0.00transm. surf. 8 0.00 0.00 187.41 9.42 0.00 0.00 1.620041 36.26 transm.surf. 9 0.00 0.00 196.83 16.20 0.00 0.00 1.622992 58.16 transm. surf. 100.00 0.00 213.03 4.29 0.00 0.00 transm. surf. 11 0.00 0.00 217.32 7.490.00 0.00 1.581439 40.75 transm. surf. 12 0.00 0.00 224.81 38.39 0.000.00 1.755199 27.51 transm. surf. 13 0.00 0.00 263.20 0.10 0.00 0.00transm. surf. 14 0.00 0.00 263.30 26.15 0.00 0.00 1.618000 63.33 transm.surf. 15 0.00 0.00 289.44 4.20 0.00 0.00 1.639799 34.46 transm. surf. 160.00 0.00 293.64 80.00 0.00 0.00 transm. surf. 17 0.00 0.00 373.64249.74 0.00 45.00 aperture stop, rotatable mirror 18 249.74 0.00 373.64200.01 53.79 0.00 galv. mirror 19 310.14 190.66 373.64 101.39 30.00 0.00refl. surf. 20 211.12 168.85 373.64 87.92 −25.00 0.00 refl. surf. 21251.82 246.78 373.64 203.27 30.01 0.00 refl. surf. 22 48.74 238.19373.64 1818.84 −10.38 0.00 refl. surf. 23 1721.11 954.41 373.64 23.390.00 image surf.spherical curvature radii

-   -   surface 1 (D1) planar surface    -   surface 2 (D2) planar surface    -   surface 3 (C1) −375.917    -   surface 4 (C2) −141.592    -   surface 5 (C3) 264.516    -   surface 6 (C4) 79.671    -   surface 7 (C5) −148.444    -   surface 8 (C6) −98.046    -   surface 9 (C7) 71.674    -   surface 10 (C8) 128.720    -   surface 11 (C9) 196.215    -   surface 12 (C10) 94.612    -   surface 13 (C11) −135.284    -   surface 14 (C12) 114.801    -   surface 15 (C13) −175.679    -   surface 16 (C14) 88.288    -   surface 17 (C15) planar surface    -   surface 18 (C16) planar surface        aspherical surface coefficients        surface 19 (R1)    -   C02=−5.30060e−004, C20=−6.48158e−004    -   C03=2.38117e−006, C21=1.81552e−006    -   C04=1.36219e−009, C22=1.25978e−008, C40=8.34071e−009    -   C05=5.47534e−012, C23=1.02264e−010, C41=1.35072e−010    -   C06=−1.10384e−013, C24=2.72877e−013, C42=9.49423e−014    -   C60=−3.80594e−013        surface 20 (R2)    -   C02=8.15395e−005, C20=−2.10835e−004    -   C03=9.96478e−006, C21=3.94561e−006    -   C04=−4.25220e−008, C22=3.29584e−008, C40=2.71265e−008    -   C05=−2.06450e−011, C23=−5.12275e−011, C41=4.28789e−010    -   C06=7.87151e−014, C24=2.37491e−013, C42=−5.58217e−012    -   C60=−3.47348e−012        surface 21 (R3)    -   C02=2.70600e−003, C20=1.07862e−003    -   C03=8.88925e−006, C21=−1.31236e−005    -   C04=−6.87424e−008, C22=−8.94279e−009, C40=−3.52132e−008    -   C05=−1.50398e−009, C23=−6.70886e−010, C41=1.04289e−009    -   C06=−1.95832e−011, C24=−6.52406e−012, C42=−1.39380e−011    -   C60=−5.96763e−012        surface 22 (R4)    -   C02=2.21107e−003, C20=2.88015e−003    -   C03=−1.18067e−006, C21=−1.62934e−006    -   C04=8.46632e−009, C22=9.95858e−009, C40=1.19861e−009    -   C05=−1.34789e−011, C23=−1.73516e−011, C41=−4.30530e−011    -   C06=8.77560e−014, C24=3.20726e−013, C42=5.80718e−013    -   C60=2.76846e−013        rotatable members        surface 17 (G1)        θy,i: ±3.14703°        rotation center: (Xi,Yi,Zi)=(0.00 0.00 373.64) (EXP in FIG. 41)        surface 18 (G2)        θx,i ±0.51744°        rotation center: (Xi,Yi,Zi)=(249.74 0.00 373.64)

The following is an explanation of the optical action of the presentembodiment. The light generated by the light source (illumination systemL) illuminates the light valve LV, the image of an original image at thelight valve LV is magnified by the projection optical system P includingthe reflective second optical system R, and is projected onto the screenE.

The projection optical system P of the present embodiment ischaracterized in that it can move or tilt the image surface on thescreen E. FIG. 55 shows the evaluation positions on the various imagesurfaces for evaluating the lateral aberration at the image surfacepositions S1 to S4.

FIG. 43 shows the state of the distortion for the image surfacepositions S1 to S4 with the projection optical system P of the presentembodiment, and FIGS. 44 to 47 show lateral aberration charts for theevaluation positions (1) through (5) of the image surface positions S1to S4. As can be seen from FIG. 43, there is no large distortion in thepresent embodiment, and also the asymmetric distortion is small. As forthe definition of the axes in the lateral aberration charts in FIGS. 44to 47, the horizontal axis marks the x axis or the y axis on the pupilplane, and the vertical axis marks the aberration amount on the screenE. From these figures, it can be seen that excellent image formation isattained at each of the image surface positions S1 to S4.

In the present embodiment, as mentioned above, the first optical systemC on the panel side has the ability to image light onto a sphericalsurface. FIG. 48 shows the state of the distortion of the first opticalsystem C, and FIG. 49 shows lateral aberration charts at the evaluationpositions (1) to (5). As can be seen from FIG. 48, there is no largedistortion. And as can be seen from FIG. 49, the image formation isexcellent.

It should be noted that the focal length of the first optical system Con the panel side is 162.978 mm (396.60 mm when converted to 35 mmsize).

As explained in the foregoing, with the present embodiments, an imagecan be projected obliquely onto a screen by using off-axial reflectivesurfaces, so that the degree of freedom for setting up the projectiondisplay apparatus can be increased considerably. Moreover, by rotatingone member within the projection optical system around the exit pupilposition of the optical system on the panel side, it is possible toobtain undistorted images at any image position within a largespecification range of projection angles, which is much broader than inthe related art, and to realize a projection optical system and an imageprojection apparatus whose projection angle can be changed.

In the above-described Embodiments 1 to 5, the projection angle of theimage is changed using rotatable mirrors, as shown in FIG. 50, but thepresent invention is not limited to this, and any optical element may beused, as long as it is a reflective member whose reflective surfaceangle is variable. Moreover, there is no limitation to reflectivemembers, and it is also possible to use optical elements having atransmissive surface whose deflection direction can be varied, or anoptical unit whose deflection direction can be varied and which is acombination of a plurality of optical elements.

For example, it is also possible to change the position of the imageprojected onto the screen by moving the first optical system C (Ra inEmbodiment 2 and R1 to R4 in Embodiments 3 and 4) in a directionperpendicular to the optical axis of the first optical system C.

Moreover, if the position of the image projected onto the screen ismoved in two directions (that is, two-dimensionally), then the image maybe moved with respect to one direction by rotating a rotatable mirror,such as a rotatable mirror, and the image may be moved with respect theother direction by moving the first optical system C. These movements ofthe position of the image in two directions may be accomplished by anycombination of using rotatable mirrors such as rotatable mirrors, movingthe first optical system C, rotating the second optical system R androtating the first optical system C with the liquid crystal panel.

Here, if two rotatable mirrors, such as rotatable mirrors, are used tomove the image in two directions over the screen, then a first rotatablemirror having the function to move the image in a first direction with alarger movement amount, that is, a first rotatable mirror with a largerotation angle is placed at the exit pupil position of the first opticalsystem C or at the vicinity thereof. A second rotatable mirror havingthe function to move the image in a direction different from the firstdirection and for which the movement amount of the image on the screenis smaller than for the first direction, that is a second rotatablemirror whose rotation angle is smaller than that of the first rotatablemirror is placed at a position that is further away from the exit pupilof the first optical system C than the first rotatable mirror. Thus, therotatable mirror with the larger rotation angle can be placed at aposition at which a deterioration of the optical performance can beprevented more easily, so that a deterioration of the overall opticalperformance can be prevented.

It should be noted, however, that the positions of the first rotatablemirror and the second rotatable mirror are not limited to this, and thatit is also possible to place the first rotatable mirror and the secondrotatable mirror such that the exit pupil of the first optical system Cis arranged between them.

Moreover, if the image is moved in two directions over the screen with asingle rotatable mirror, such as a rotatable mirror or the like, thenthere is the problem that the is image rotated, but it is possible tocounter this by electrically rotating the image on the liquid crystalpanel. Alternatively, it is also possible to rotate the liquid crystalpanel itself.

Moreover, as a method for two-dimensionally moving the projection imageon the screen (two-dimensionally changing the projection angle), thereis the method of changing the projection angle in two perpendiculardirections using two rotatable mirrors, as described above. However, asshown in FIG. 51, using an optical unit provided with a polarizationbeam splitter and a reflective member whose deflection direction isvariable, such as a rotatable mirror, it is possible totwo-dimensionally move the projection image without changing theorientation of the projection image (the orientation within the screensurface) by tilting the reflective members in two perpendiculardirections (that is, by tilting the reflective members around twoperpendicular rotation axes, the direction of the tilting being variablethrough the combination of these rotations)

It should be noted that FIG. 51 shows only a case in which the mirror istilted from the state indicated by the solid line to the state indicatedby the dashed line, but needless to say, the mirror may also be tiltedto the side opposite to the state of the dashed line with respect to thestate of the solid line.

Furthermore, in FIG. 51 the mirror is tilted only in a direction withinthe paper plane of the figure, but it is also possible that the mirroris tilted with respect to a direction perpendicular to the paper plane.

Thus, a two-dimensional movement of the projection image is possible byusing one reflective member whose reflective surface can be tilted, sothat it is possible to achieve miniaturization and simplification of theoverall apparatus.

FIG. 51 shows a case in which a liquid crystal panel is used as theimage display element. If there is only one liquid crystal panel (thatis, in the case of a single panel), then the color-selective wave platein FIG. 51 (that is, a color-selective wave plate which can impart a 90°phase difference on a specific color out of red light, green light andblue light, for example a color-selective wave plate which can offsetgreen light by 90° from red light and blue light) is not necessary, andit is sufficient if the light entering the polarization beam splitter(PBS) is light with such a polarization direction that it can passthrough the PBS, that is, P-polarized light. Needless to say, if theposition of the rotatable mirror with respect to the PBS is changed,then the light entering the PBS may also be S-polarized light.

Moreover, in the present embodiments, rotatable rotatable mirrors areused, but the present invention is not limited to this. For example, aslong as a reflective member and a drive mechanism with which thereflective member can be moved over various angles in a rotationdirection are provided, then there is no limitation to rotatablemirrors.

Moreover, it is not necessary that the angle of the reflective member ischanged continuously, and it is also possible that the image isprojected onto a plurality of locations on the screen using a reflectivemember with which the angle to the optical axis of the optical system onthe object side can be set discontinuously to a plurality of angles.Moreover, other than a reflective member such as a rotatable mirror, itis also possible to combine refractive optical elements (or diffractiveoptical elements) to form an optical unit that can deflect an image in aplurality of directions, and use this optical unit instead of therotatable mirror.

Next, the case that three liquid crystal panels for red, green and blueare used (that is, three liquid crystal panels) is examined. If thelight of the respective colors emerging from these three liquid crystalpanels is color-combined by an optical element thatwavelength-selectively transmits or reflects the light (for example adichroic mirror or a dichroic prism), and the liquid crystal panels arearranged such that the polarization directions of the light emergingfrom the three liquid crystal panels are aligned, then a color-selectivewave plate is not necessary, as for a single liquid crystal panel.

However, if color combination is performed using a PBS or the like, thenthe polarization directions of the three color light componentsinevitably do not match immediately after the color combination. In thiscase, it is necessary to align the polarization directions of the threecolor light components after the color combination and before threecolor light components are incident on the PBS shown in FIG. 51.Consequently, in the example shown in FIG. 51, a color-selective waveplate is arranged between the color combination system included in theimage display panel system LL and the PBS, and the polarizationdirection of light of a specific color is rotated 90° by thiscolor-selective wave plate, aligning the polarization directions of thethree color light components.

Here, if a half-mirror is used instead of the PBS, then neither thecolor-selective wave plate nor the ¼-wave plate are necessary.

Moreover, the above-described Embodiments 1 to 5 further have thefollowing characteristics feature. In the present embodiments, thesecond optical system R (Rb in Embodiment 2 and R5 to R8 in Embodiments3 and 4) having a plurality of curved reflective surfaces forms anintermediate image. This second optical system R is arranged on thescreen side (projection surface side) of the a reflective surface whosedeflection direction is variable (or a reflective surface whose angle isvariable in a rotation direction), such as a rotatable mirror. Theprojection optical system in the present embodiments is an enlargingprojection system, so that the image light becomes gradually larger whenapproaching the screen, but there is the effect that the optical system(in particular the second optical system R) can be miniaturized byforming an intermediate image M with the second optical system R.

Moreover, this intermediate image is formed between the first and thesecond reflective surface of the second optical system R, counting fromthe screen side. Thus, there is the effect that the light beam diameter,which tends to increase when approaching the screen, can be constricted,and the reflective surface that is closest to the screen can be madesmall.

It should be noted that in the above-described embodiments, the secondoptical system R has four reflective surfaces, and the intermediateimage is formed between the third reflective surface and the fourthreflective surface, counting from the light source side (panel side).Accordingly, the reflective surface of the second optical system R thatis closest to the screen (the one reflective surface of the plurality ofreflective surfaces of the second optical system R that is closest tothe screen) is a concave reflective surface (having positive opticalpower). However, due to various reasons such as manufacturability of thereflective surfaces, the basic role of the second optical system R doesnot change even when no intermediate image is formed.

In the above-described Embodiments 1 to 5, the (color-combined) lightthat has passed through the image forming elements (e.g. liquid crystalpanels) is incident on the first optical system C, the light that haspassed through the first optical system C is incident on an opticalsystem whose deflection direction is variable, such as a rotatablemirror or the like, the light that has passed through this opticalsystem is incident on the second optical system R, and the light thathas passed through this second optical system R is projected onto ascreen serving as the projection surface.

Here, the exit pupil of the first optical system C (that is, the opticalsystem that is arranged between the image forming element and theoptical system whose deflection direction can be varied, or between thecolor combining optical system and the optical system whose deflectiondirection can be varied) is formed at a position closer to the screenthan that optical element of the first optical system C that is placedat a position closest to the screen. Moreover, by arranging in thevicinity of this exit pupil position an optical system whosepolarization direction (or deflection direction) can be varied, such asa rotatable mirror, it is possible to change the projection position ofthe projection image substantially without deterioration of the imagequality of the projection image by changing the polarization direction(deflection direction) of the light using this optical system.

Moreover, the light valve (image forming element) LV used in theabove-describe Embodiments 1 to 5, has a plurality of pixels within aplane that is perpendicular to the optical axis of the illuminationoptical system. Consequently, the above-described projection opticalsystem simultaneously illuminates illumination light onto the pluralityof pixels, and the light from the plurality of pixels is guidedsimultaneously onto the screen. This light valve LV may be atransmissive or reflective liquid crystal panel (TFT orpolymer-dispersed liquid crystal), or a mirror device, such as a DMD.When using a mirror device, such as a DMD, then the mirror device may bearranged tilted from a plane that is perpendicular to the optical axisof the illumination optical system and the optical axis of theprojection optical system.

Furthermore, the embodiments were described to have an aperture stop SS,but since it is a telecentric optical system, cases are conceivable inwhich no aperture stop is necessary. Consequently, it is not necessarilyrequired that there is an aperture stop at the exit pupil position ofthe first optical system C, and the word “aperture stop” mentioned inthe embodiments is interchangeable with “exit pupil” of the firstoptical system C.

Moreover, the second optical system R does not necessarily have to be anoptical system including reflective surfaces, and it may also be arefractive optical system having only refractive lenses. Moreover, it isalso possible to arrange at least one refractive lens to the screen sideof the curved reflective surface of the second optical system R that isclosest to the screen, that is, R4 in the embodiments.

As explained above, with the present embodiments, an image of an objectsurface can be moved and tilted by rotating at least one optical elementaround a point on the optical axis of the first optical system that issubstantially at an exit pupil position of the first optical system.Therefore, it is possible to realize a projection optical system and animage projection apparatus including the same, with which undistortedimages can be obtained at any image position within a largespecification range of projection angles that is much broader than inthe related art, and whose projection angle can be changed.

The invention may be embodied in other forms without departing from thespirit or essential characteristics thereof. The embodiments disclosedin this application are to be considered in all respects as illustrativeand not limiting. The scope of the invention is indicated by theappended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and allchanges which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of theclaims are intended to be embraced therein.

1. A projection optical system projecting light from an original imageonto a projection surface, comprising: a plurality of optical elements,wherein a first optical system is constituted by at least one of theplurality of optical elements and has an ability to form an image of theoriginal image on a predetermined surface different from the projectionsurface; and wherein a first optical element of the plurality of opticalelements is rotated substantially around a center of an exit pupil ofthe first optical system, such that a projection image of the originalimage is moved.
 2. The projection optical system according to claim 1,wherein the first optical element is rotated around a point on anoptical axis of the first optical system, the point being substantiallyat a position of the exit pupil of the first optical system.
 3. Theprojection optical system according to claim 1, wherein the movement ofthe projection image is at least one of a parallel movement and amovement in a tilting direction.
 4. The projection optical systemaccording to claim 1, wherein the first optical system has an ability toimage the light from the original image onto a spherical surface whosecurvature center is a point on an optical axis of the first opticalsystem, the center point being substantially at a position of the exitpupil of the first optical system.
 5. The projection optical systemaccording to claim 1, wherein the exit pupil of the first optical systemis formed at a position closer to the projection surface than an opticalelement, which is closest to the projection surface, of the firstoptical system.
 6. The projection optical system according to claim 1,wherein a second optical system is constituted by at least one of theplurality of optical elements and is arranged at a position closer tothe projection surface than the first optical system; and wherein thesecond optical system comprises a curved reflective surface.
 7. Theprojection optical system according to claim 6, wherein the secondoptical system comprises a curved and rotationally asymmetric reflectivesurface.
 8. The projection optical system according to claim 6, whereinthe second optical system forms an intermediate image of the originalimage at a position which is different from the projection surface. 9.The projection optical system according to claim 8, wherein theintermediate image is formed at a position closer to the original imagethan the reflective surface, which is closest to the projection surface,of the second optical system.
 10. The projection optical systemaccording to claim 8, wherein the second optical system comprises aplurality of curved reflective surfaces; and wherein the intermediateimage is formed between a first reflective surface which is closest tothe projection surface side, and a second reflective surface which isthe second one counting from the projection surface side, of the curvedreflective surfaces.
 11. The projection optical system according toclaim 6, wherein the second optical system comprises four curvedreflective surfaces.
 12. The projection optical system according toclaim 6, wherein the reflective surface, which is closest to theprojection surface, of the second optical system is a concave surface.13. The projection optical system according to claim 6, wherein allreflective surfaces of the second optical system are curved androtationally asymmetric surfaces.
 14. The projection optical systemaccording to claim 6, wherein the second optical system is rotatedaround a point on an optical axis of the first optical system, the pointbeing substantially at a position of the exit pupil of the first opticalsystem.
 15. The projection optical system according to claim 6, whereinthe first optical element is arranged between the first optical systemand the second optical system.
 16. The projection optical systemaccording to claim 15, wherein the first optical element is rotatable ina plurality of rotational directions around a point, the point being onan optical axis of the first optical system.
 17. The projection opticalsystem according to claim 15, wherein the first optical element is areflective member.
 18. The projection optical system according to claim15, wherein a second optical element of the plurality of optical elementis rotated substantially around a center of an exit pupil of the firstoptical system, the first optical element and the second optical elementare rotatable optical elements being rotatable in different directions.19. The projection optical system according to claim 18, wherein thesecond optical element is a reflective member.
 20. The projectionoptical system according to claim 6, further comprising an opticaldeflection element arranged between the first optical system and thesecond optical system, the optical deflection element deflecting a lightray traveling on the optical axis of the first optical system.
 21. Theprojection optical system according to claim 1, wherein the projectionoptical system projects the light from the original image obliquely ontothe projection surface.
 22. The projection optical system according toclaim 1, wherein a center line of light reaching a center of theprojection image from a center of the original image is tilted withrespect to the projection surface.
 23. The projection optical systemaccording to claim 1, wherein the first optical system comprises acoaxial and rotationally symmetric lens.
 24. The projection opticalsystem according to claim 1, wherein the first optical system consistsof coaxial and rotationally symmetric lenses.
 25. The projection opticalsystem according to claim 1, wherein the projection surface is asubstantially planar surface.
 26. The projection optical systemaccording to claim 1, wherein the projection optical system projectslight from a plurality of original images onto the projection surface;and wherein the projection optical system further comprises a colorcombining optical system which combines the light from the plurality oforiginal images, the color combining optical system being arranged at aposition closer to the original image than the first optical system. 27.An image projection apparatus comprising: an image forming elementforming an original image; and the projection optical system accordingto claim
 1. 28. The image projection apparatus according to claim 27,wherein the image forming element is one of a reflective liquid crystaldisplay element, a transmissive liquid crystal display element, and amirror device.
 29. An image display system comprising: the imageprojection apparatus according to claim 27; and an image informationsupply apparatus supplying image information for forming the originalimage with the image forming element to the image projection apparatus.30. The projection optical system according to claim 1, wherein thefirst optical element is arranged at the exit pupil position of thefirst optical system.
 31. A projection optical system projecting lightfrom an original image onto a projection surface, comprising: a firstoptical system having an ability to form an image with the light onto asurface different from the projection surface; a second optical systemguiding light from the first optical system toward the projectionsurface and forming a projection image of the original image on theprojection surface; and an optical element arranged between the firstand the second optical systems, wherein at least one of the first andthe second optical systems and the optical element is rotatedsubstantially around a center of an exit pupil of the first opticalsystem, such that the projection image on the projection surface ismoved.
 32. The projection optical system according to claim 31, whereinthe optical element is a plane mirror arranged substantially at the exitpupil of the first optical system, and wherein the optical element isrotated substantially around the center of the exit pupil of the firstoptical system, such that the projection image on the projection surfaceis moved.
 33. The projection optical system according to claim 31,wherein the second optical system comprises at least a rotationallyasymmetric reflective surface.
 34. An image projection apparatuscomprising: an image forming element forming an original image; and aprojection optical system projecting light from the original image ontoa projection surface, wherein the projection optical system includes, afirst optical system having an ability to form an image with the lightonto a surface different from the projection surface; a second opticalsystem guiding light from the first optical system toward the projectionsurface and forming a projection image of the original image on theprojection surface; and an optical element arranged between the firstand the second optical systems, wherein at least one of the first andthe second optical systems and the optical element is rotatedsubstantially around a center of an exit pupil of the first opticalsystem, such that the projection image on the projection surface ismoved.
 35. An image display system comprising: the image projectionapparatus according to claim 34; and an image information supplyapparatus supplying image information for forming the original imagewith the image forming element to the image projection apparatus.